But du cours
Establish the fundamentals of thermodynamics and the simple and conceptual application of the first law.
Acquis d'apprentissage visés
- To know how to define the states of matter: fluid, solid, and mesomorphic.
- To know the characteristics of the fluid state. To know the concept of phase and the nomenclature of phase changes.
- To know the concept of thermodynamic system and to know the definitions of closed, open, and isolated systems.
- To be able to define the concept of state parameter.
- To know the zeroth law of thermodynamics and the first definition of temperature.
- To know the principle of a temperature scale and to know the Celsius and Kelvin scales.
- To be able to define the concepts of thermostat, thermodynamic equilibrium, state function (and its properties).
- Transformations and evolutions: isochoric, monothermal, isothermal, monobaric, isobaric, reversible, quasi-static, elementary, and adiabatic; conservative and non-conservative quantities.
- To understand the inadequacy of mechanics and the necessity of the concept of total energy, kinetic temperature from microscopic kinetic energy.
- To be able to define the concept of molecular chaos and to justify the statistical approach.
- To be able to define the homogeneity of the velocity distribution and isotropy of velocities, and the concept of root-mean-square velocity.
- To know the three hypotheses of the ideal gas.
- To know the expression for kinetic pressure.
- To be able to define kinetic temperature and to know the equipartition theorem.
- To be able to derive the ideal gas equation of state.
- To know the extrapolation to polyatomic ideal gases: concept of rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom, consequences on internal energy and heat capacities at constant volume (CV).
- To be able to determine the expression for internal energy for a monatomic ideal gas and to define the heat capacity at constant volume (CV).
- To know some limitations of the ideal gas model: e.g., the Amagat diagram.
- To know the hypotheses of the Van der Waals gas model and its equation.
- To know the concept of ideal mixture (Dalton's Law).
Prérequis
Entry-level expectations for the module:
\begin{description}[style=nextline,leftmargin=0pt]
\item[Mathematics] Differential and integral calculus in one variable;
partial derivatives and total differential of a function of several variables;
notion of differential form, distinction between exact differential (state function) and non-exact form (transfer quantity);
integration along a path.
\item[Point Mechanics] Work of a force, kinetic energy and the kinetic energy theorem, potential energy and mechanical energy;
momentum and momentum balance (useful for kinetic pressure and wall impacts).
\item[General Physics] Concepts of force, pressure and units of the International System; order of magnitude and dimensional homogeneity.
\item[General Chemistry] States of matter, notion of mole, Avogadro’s number, molar mass.
\item[Elementary Statistical Tools] Concept of mean value and distribution of a quantity (foundation of the statistical approach to molecular chaos and root-mean-square speed).
\end{description}Programme
- Thermodynamics language
- The ideal gas
- First Law applied to simple ideal-gas transformations
Modalités d'évaluation
Continuous assessment: 1 surprise test (≥ 20 min, 20 %), CA1 (≤ 2 h, 40 %, parts 1–2), CA2 (≤ 2 h, 40 %, full syllabus); final grade = 0.20 (surprise test) + 0.40 (CA1) + 0.40 (CA2).
Bibliographie
\paragraph{Reference works (lectures and applications)}
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.5em]
\item J.-P.~Pérez, \emph{Thermodynamique. Fondements et applications}, Dunod.
Reference for conceptual structure (language, principles, perfect gas).
\item B.~Diu, C.~Guthmann, D.~Lederer, B.~Roulet, \emph{Thermodynamique},
Hermann. Rigorous treatment of kinetic theory, kinetic pressure and
temperature, and equipartition.
\item C.~Lhuillier, J.~Rous, \emph{Introduction à la thermodynamique}, Dunod.
Progressive introduction adapted to the module level.
\item M.-N.~Sanz, A.-E.~Badel, F.~Clausset, \emph{Physique tout-en-un},
collection «~Tout-en-un~», Dunod. For the first law and simple transformations
of the perfect gas, numerous corrected exercises.
\end{itemize}
\paragraph{Further reading and physico-chemical aspects}
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.5em]
\item P.~W.~Atkins, J.~de~Paula, \emph{Chimie physique}, De Boeck. Real gases
(Van der Waals, Amagat diagrams), ideal mixtures, Dalton’s law.
\item O.~Bonnefoy, \emph{Thermodynamique}, course handout, École des
Mines de Saint-Étienne (available online). Clear synthesis with statistical
perspective.
\end{itemize}
\paragraph{Exercise collections}
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=1.5em]
\item H.~Lumbroso, \emph{Thermodynamique --- Problèmes résolus}, Dunod.
\end{itemize}Supports
Learning materials available on the Moodle platform.