Thermodynamics II

But du cours

The aim of the course is to provide students with the conceptual and methodological foundations of classical thermodynamics necessary for understanding and analyzing energy transformations. The course aims to:

• Understand the fundamental principles of thermodynamics (first and second laws) and their implications.

• Establish energy and entropy balances for closed or open systems.

• Describe and quantify state changes and perfect gas transformations.

• Analyze the operation of thermal machines (engines, receivers, reversible and real cycles).

• Develop a rigorous scientific approach to model and optimize energy systems.

Acquis d'apprentissage visés

• Identify the modes of energy exchange: work (W) and heat (Q).

• Apply the first law and calculate Q, W, $\Delta U$, $\Delta H$.

• Perform energy balances according to transformations (isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, adiabatic).

 

• Use heat capacities and perform a calorimetric balance.

• Relate heat, temperature, and internal energy in common cases.

 

• Interpret transformations on a Clausius-Clapeyron diagram.

• Apply Joule’s, Laplace’s, and Dulong-Petit’s laws.

 

• State the second law and define entropy.

• Establish entropy balances for simple systems.

 

• Understand the operation of heat engines and calculate their efficiency.

• Describe heat pumps and refrigerators.

• Identify phase changes and use Clapeyron relations.

Prérequis

• General Physics: fundamental quantities (mass, volume, pressure, temperature, energy), SI units and reading diagrams ($P$–$V$, $T$–$S$).

• Classical Mechanics: work, mechanical energy and the fundamental principle of dynamics.

• Applied Mathematics: differentiation, integration, differential equations, logarithmic and exponential functions.

• Chemistry and Condensed Matter: physical states, phase changes and intermolecular bonds.

• Scientific Culture: orders of magnitude in energy, simple systems (ideal gas, solid, liquid) and the scientific approach.

Programme

1. Second law of thermodynamics

• State the second law and define the concept of entropy.

• Apply the principle to isolated or steady-state systems.

• Distinguish between reversible and irreversible transformations.

• Use the fundamental identities and derive Laplace’s laws for isentropic cases.

• Perform simple entropy balances (Joule–Gay Lussac expansion, thermal contact).

2. Heat engines (motors)

• Define heat engine, motor, and receiver.

• Establish energy and entropy balances.

• Calculate efficiency and effectiveness.

• Identify monothermal machines (Kelvin statement) and dithermal machines (Raveau diagram).

• Explain the Carnot cycle and efficiency and compare it with real cycles (Beau de Rochas, Watt).

• Describe heat pumps and refrigerators.

3. Phase changes

• Identify the main phase changes (melting, vaporization, etc.).

• Use phase diagrams ($P$–$T$, $P$–$V$).

• Know the triple point and critical point.

• Apply Clapeyron and Clausius–Clapeyron relations.

• Relate phase changes to variations in enthalpy and entropy.

Modalités d'évaluation

2 Written exams (2h/2h)

Bibliographie

• P. Perrot, Thermodynamics for Engineers, Dunod, 2018.

• M. Borel and J.-L. Battaglia, Thermodynamics – Course and Corrected Exercises, Dunod, 2021.

• H.B. Callen, Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, Wiley, 1985.

• Online resources: FUN-MOOC Thermodynamics; PhET Simulations; NIST WebBook.

Supports

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