But du cours
Study of open systems and balance physics
Acquis d'apprentissage visés
- To be able to define the phenomenon of particle diffusion and convection.
- To be able to define the particle current density vector and the particle flux.
- To know Fick’s law (with units) and its limitations.
- To know the method for performing balances for 1D diffusion.
- To know the local formulation of 3D diffusion as well as its integral formulation.
- To be able to demonstrate that diffusion is an irreversible phenomenon.
- To be able to solve the diffusion equation in steady-state 1D (Cartesian coordinates).
- To know the consequences of steady-state: conservation of flux.
- To know that, for time-dependent regimes, the form of the solution depends on the boundary conditions.
- To be able to derive characteristic quantities of diffusion from the equation.
- To be able to define the ARQS (quasi-static approximation).
- To know the general principle of osmosis.
- To know the three main modes of transfer: convection, conduction, and radiation, and their characteristics.
- To be able to define the heat flux and the thermal current density vector.
- To know Fourier’s law (with units) and the meaning of its terms.
- To be able to derive the conservation equation and the 1D heat diffusion equation.
- To be able to generalize the equation to 3D; to know the concept of thermal diffusivity and its unit.
- To recognize the link between particle diffusion and heat conduction.
- To be able to demonstrate the irreversibility of the phenomenon.
- To be able to derive the temperature profile and the entropy balance in the case of a 1D bar.
- To know the first law of thermodynamics (differential or power form).
- To be able to simplify it in steady-state; to express it in mass-specific form.
- To be able to solve simple examples: Bernoulli’s theorem, mixer with heating, heat exchangers, condenser, evaporator, turbine, nozzle, compressor.
- To know the industrial second law of thermodynamics.
- To be able to simplify it in steady-state; to express it in mass-specific form.
- To know the example of Joule–Thomson expansion: energy and entropy balances (case of a perfect gas).
Prérequis
- Basics of differentiation and integration.
- Elementary knowledge of thermodynamics (1st and 2nd laws).
- Basic concepts in fluid mechanics (flow and pressure).
- Unit manipulation and order-of-magnitude estimation.
Programme
- Methodology of balances
System identification, choice of reference frame, writing local and integrated balances, closure hypotheses.
- Thermal energy transfer
Conduction, convection, radiation; heat flux, thermal current density, Fourier’s law, thermal diffusion equations.
- Energy and entropy balances in open systems
First and second laws in steady or unsteady regimes, power and mass forms, irreversibility, entropy production.
- Mass balances
Mass conservation, scalar and vector balances, diffusion, convection, mass flux, Fick’s law, 1D resolution.
Modalités d'évaluation
2 Written exams (2h/2h) + 1 Lab report
Bibliographie
- D. Kondepudi, I. Prigogine, Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley.
- P. Colonna, S. van der Stappen, Introduction to Thermodynamics, TU Delft OpenCourseWare.
- F. Incropera, D. DeWitt et al., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Wiley.
- Y. Demirel, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Transport and Rate Processes in Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems, Elsevier.
- J. Thome, Engineering Heat Transfer, EPFL Press.